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Kibroth Hattaavah or Kibroth-hattaavah ((ヘブライ語:קִבְרוֹת הַתַּאֲוָה), ''graves of craving'') is one of the locations which the Israelites passed through during their Exodus journey, recorded in the Book of Numbers. It was at this place, according to the biblical narrative, that the Israelites loudly complained about constantly eating only ''manna'', and that they had had a much more varied diet, of fish, vegetables, fruit, and meat, when they lived in Egypt; the text states that this led Moses, in despair, to cry out to Yahweh, who then promised them so much meat that 'they would vomit it through their nostrils'. The narrative goes on to tell of a huge number of quails brought by the winds to both sides of the Israelite encampment, which the people gathered, but Yahweh sent a plague as they were chewing the meat. The text had previously stated that the Israelites would have been able to consume quail for a month. The biblical narrative argues that name of ''Kibroth-hattaavah'', which appears to mean ''graves of lust'', derives from these events, since the plague killed the people who ''lusted after'' meat, who were then buried there.〔 According to biblical scholars, this is merely an aetiological myth to theologically justify a pre-existing place name;〔''Peake's commentary on the Bible'' 〕 a number of biblical scholars have proposed that the ''graves'' (''kibroth'') in the name ''kibroth-hattaavah'' actually refers to a stone circle or cairns,〔Cheyne and Black, ''Encyclopedia Biblica''〕 or to recently discovered Chalcolithic (~fourth Millennium BC) megalithic burial sites known as ''nawamis'', meaning ''mosquitos'', which are unique to the central Sinai Peninsula and southern Negev. According to textual scholars, the account concerning Kibroth-hattaavah is part of the Jahwist text, and occurs at the same point in the Exodus narrative as the account of Taberah in the Elohist text;〔〔Cheyne and Black, ''Encyclopedia Biblica''〕 indeed, one or both of ''Tabarah'' (תבערה) and ''Hattavah'' (התאוה) may be phonological and typographical corruptions of the same original word.〔 Taberah is not listed in the full stations list later in the Book of Numbers, with the people going straight from Mount Sinai to Kibroth-hattavah, and there is no hint that the Israelites had to travel from Taberah to Kibroth-hattaavah, implying that they were the same location;〔''Jewish Encyclopedia''〕 nevertheless, Taberah and Kibroth-hattaavah are listed as different places by a passage in Deuteronomy, which textual scholars ascribe to the deuteronomist, and consequently date to over two centuries later than the Jahwist and Elohist, and also later than the combined JE text.〔Richard Elliott Friedman, ''Who wrote the Bible?''〕 Taberah is described by the Torah as being three days journey from Mount Sinai, and therefore its modern identification relies heavily on the identification of Mount Sinai. The traditional identification of Mount Sinai as one of the mountains at the southern tip of the Sinai Peninsula would imply that Taberah and ''Kibroth-hattaavah'' was/were probably in the Wadi Murrah, about 30 miles north-east of the southern tip, and exactly a day's journey from 'Ain Hudherah; in this area, at the Erweis el-Ebeirig, an ancient encampment has been found,〔E.H. Palmer, ''The Desert of the Exodus: Journeys on Foot in the Wilderness of the Forty Years' Wanderings'' (1872)〕 but it dates to the Early Bronze Age (the early third century BC).〔Itzhaq Beit-Arieh, ''Archaeology of Sinai, The Ophir Expedition'', Tel Aviv University (2003)〕 The traditional location of Mount Sinai has been rejected by the majority of scholars, as well as theologians, who favour a location at Mount Seir〔〔Ditlef Nielsen, ''The Site of the Biblical Mount Sinai – A Claim for Petra'' (1927)〕 or in north western Saudi Arabia,〔Charles Beke, ''Mount Sinai, a Volcano'' (1873)〕〔Jean Koenig, ''Le site de Al-Jaw dans l'ancien pays de Madian''〕 and others views propose locations in the Negev,〔Emmanuel Anati, ''The riddle of Mount Sinai : archaeological discoveries at Har Karkom'' (2001)〕 or the central or northern Sinai desert.〔Menashe Har-El, ''The Sinai Journeys: The Route of the Exodus''〕 ==In culture== * In the 1858 boys' novel ''Eric, or, Little by Little'' certain unnamed "vile" activities (presumably masturbation ) are referred back to Kibroth-Hattaavah - "Don't you remember Rowlands' sermon not two weeks ago on Kibroth-Hattaavah?"〔Eric, or, Little by Little, Frederic W Farrar, 1858〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kibroth Hattaavah」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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